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Europe`s Santa Claus
A long time ago, a bishop named Nicholas lived in what is now the country of Turkey. No one knows much about him. But there are stories that he often helped children who were in need.
Many years after his death, Nicholas was made a saint. In time, he became the patron saint of children. Today, the date of his death, December 6, is an important holiday in some countries in Europe. On the night before, children put out their shoes or hang up their stockings. Early next morning, they rush to see what gifts Saint Nicholas left them.
Saint Nicholas visits towns and cities, leads parades, talks to children, and often hands out small gifts. He is dressed as a bishop, of course, wearing a red or white robe and a tall, pointed hat.
Saint Nicholas always has a helper. In the Netherlands, this helper is called Black Peter. In Germany, he`s Knecht Ruprecht. In parts of France, he`s known as Pere Fouettard.
Of course, al the children love saint Nicholas. But they are quite afraid of his helper. For it is the helper who keeps track of who was good and who was naughty. Naughty children may get only switches, with which their parents can spank them! They may even be carried away in the helper`s bag until they learn to be good!
Dutch settlers in America continued to celebrate this feast day. Their name for Saint Nicholas
was Sinterclaas. And in English, this became Santa Claus.
Vocabulary:
1) a bishop [ ˈbɪʃəp ] - єпископ
2) (to be) in need [ niːd ]– бути в нужді, потребувати допомоги
3) saint [ seɪnt ]- святий
4) a patron [ ˈpeɪtrən] – покровитель, заступник
5) hang (up) [ hæŋ ]– вішати, розвішувати
6) stocking [ ˈstɒkɪŋ ] - панчоха
7) to rush [ rʌʃ ] – поспішати, мчати
8) to hand out [ hænd ] - давати, вручати
9) (to be) afraid of [ əˈfreɪd ] - боятися
10) to keep track [ kiːp træk ] - слідкувати
11) naughty [ ˈnɔːti ]- нечемний
12) a switch [ swɪtʃ ] – прут, різка
13) to spank [ spæŋk ] – бити
Exercises and Tasks
1. Find the odd word:
1) bishop, church, saint, gift
2) stockings, switches, shoes, robes
3) Europe, Turkey, Germany, the Netherlands
4) morning, night, day, year.
2. Correct the sentences:
1) A long time ago, a bishop named Nicholas lived in what is now the country of Greece.
2) Saint Nicholas is wearing a blue or yellow robe and a tall, pointed hat.
3) Saint Nicholas has no helpers.
4) All the children are afraid of Saint Nicholas.
5) Naughty children always get good presents.
3. Translate:
1) Я був нечемним весь рік. Ось чому Святий Миколай приніс мені різочку. Шкода!
2) Мій найкращий друг боїться собак. А я їх люблю.
3) Минулого року директор школи вручив мені нагороду за хороші оцінки.
4) Священик в нашій церкві – дуже хороша людина. Він завжди допомагає бідним людям.
5) Не купуй ці панчохи. Вони надто дорогі.
4. Answer the questions:
1) Who was Saint Nicholas? Where did he live? Why did he become saint?
2) When does Saint Nicholas visit children? What does he bring to them?
3) Has Saint Nicholas a helper? What does he do?
4) Does Saint Nicholas visit all children?
5) When does Saint Nicholas visit children in your country? What is your favourite present from him?
The Happiest Holiday
For Christians all over the world, Christmas is an important, happy holiday. It is the day that celebrates the birth of Jesus Christ, more than two thousand years ago. Christmas is a short form of Christ`s Mass, an old name for this day. It means a mass, or church service, in honour of Christ.
Many of Christmas customs are based on the birth of Christ. People give each other presents because the three Wise Men, or three Kings, brought presents to the baby Jesus. Christians sing songs, called carols, that tell about Christ`s birth.
In the USA, Great Britain, Canada and many other countries, people celebrate Christmas on December 25. In Ukraine, we celebrate it on January 7. The eve before Christmas is called Holy Evening. Holy Supper is the central tradition of the celebration in Ukrainian homes. There must be 12 different dishes on the table. Kutia is the main dish of the supper. It is made of cooked wheat, honey and raisins.
Christmas is the holiday when all members of the family gather together. This is the holiday of joy. Children like to have fun on this holiday, they go from door to door, sing carols and people give sweets to them.
At Christmas, in towns and villages of Ukraine, people organize some folk performances. They glorify Jesus Christ, wish each other good health and all the best.
Vocabulary:
1) birth [ bɜː(r)θ ] - народження
2) a service [ ˈsɜː(r)vɪs ] – служба, послуга
3) honour [ ˈɒnə(r )] – честь, шана
4) ( to be) based on [ beɪst ]- базуватися
5) wise [ waɪz ]- мудрий
6) a carol [ ˈkærəl ] - колядка
7) wheat [ wiːt ] - пшениця
8) a dish [ dɪʃ ] - страва
9) to have fun [ fʌn ] - розважатися
10) a performance [ pə(r)ˈfɔː(r)məns ] - вистава
11) to glorify [ ˈɡlɔːrɪfaɪ ] - прославляти
12) to wish [ wɪʃ ] – бажати
Exercises and Tasks
1. Match:
wise a) a plant used for preparing bread
a carol b) very clever
to have fun c) a play
a performance d) a Christmas song
wheat e) to entertain
2. Decide whether the sentences are true or false. Correct the false sentences:
1) People all over the world celebrate Christmas on 25 December.
2) Jesus Christ was born more than two thousand years ago.
3) Carols tell people about Christ`s actions.
4) In Ukraine, there must be 10 different dishes on the table at Christmas.
5) Kutia is made of cooked wheat, honey and raisins.
6) At Christmas, people glorify Jesus Christ, exchange presents and wish each other all the best.
2. Translate:
1) Моя улюблена страва – піца. Моя мама часто готує піцу у вихідні.
2) Вчора ми були в театрі. Вистава була дуже цікава.
3) Мій тато – розумна людина. Він завжди дає мені хороші поради.
4) Ми часто організовуємо вечірки з нагоди дня народження. Там ми танцюємо, співаємо і розважаємося.
5) Минулого вівторка нам телефонував дядько. Він привітав нас з Різдвом і побажав усього найкращого.
3. Answer the questions:
1) What kind of holiday is Christmas? When do people celebrate it?
2) Why do people give each other presents on that day?
3) What is Kutia? Where do people cook it?
4) Why do Ukrainian children like Christmas?
5) What are Christmas traditions in your family?
Happy New Year!
The first day of the year is both a holiday and a holy day. It is also a time to look back and a time to look ahead. It is a time to make a new beginning. So, many people promise themselves to do better in the new year than they did in the old year.
Because New Year`s Day is a Christian holy day, many people begin the day by going to church. But it is also a day to visit friends and relatives and to exchange gifts.
In the United States, parades and college football games are the big events of the day. Millions of people across the country watch both on television.
People in Sweden attend church services in the morning. Then comes a big family dinner, much like the one at Christmas.
In many parts of the world, people have special foods that are supposed to bring good luck in the coming year. In Japan, it`s a kind of fish called red snapper. This fish has a pink colour. In Japan, pink is considered lucky.
Families in Greece eat a New Year`s cake called peta. A coin is baked inside the cake. The person, who gets the coin is supposed to have good luck for a whole year.
New Year`s day has been celebrated for more than five thousand years - but not always on January 1. Even today, people in many parts of the world begin their new year on other dates.
Jews celebrate their new year in September or October. The Chinese new year begins in January or February. And for the people who follow the Islamic religion, the new year starts on the first day of their first month, called Muharram.
Vocabulary:
1) ahead [ ə'hed ] – вперед, попереду
2) beginning [ bi'giniŋ ] початок
3) an event [ i'vent ] - подія
4) both [ 'bəuӨ ] – обоє, обидва
5) to attend [ ə'tend ] - відвідувати
6) to suppose [ sə'pəuz ] – вважати, пропонувати
7) to consider [ kən'sidə ] – вважати, думати
8) a coin [ kəin ] - монета
9) to bake [ beik ] – пекти, випікати
10) to promise [ 'prͻmis ] – обіцяти
Exercises and Tasks
1. Decide whether the sentences are true or false. Correct the false sentences:
1) People never go to church on New Year`s Day.
2) New Year is usually a time to begin something new.
3) Families all over the world celebrate New Year`s Day on the same date.
4) The first Islamic month is called Muharram.
5) People usually exchange gifts on the New Year`s day.
2. Match the countries with the traditions:
The USA a) decorating New Year`s tree with toys and balloons
Japan b) parades and college football games
Greece c) going to church and having a big family dinner
Ukraine d) eating pink fish
Sweden e) baking a cake with a coin inside
3. Translate:
1) У мене є два друга, Том і Нік. Вони обоє студенти.
2) Сьогодні – день народження моєї сестри. Наша мама спекла смачний шоколадний торт.
3) Я вважаю, що наша школа – найкраща в місті.
4) – Ходімо до тeатру.
- Вибач, але я зараз дивлюся телевізор.
- Але ж ти мені пообіцяв.
- Гаразд, ходімо.
5) Мій старший брат колекціонує старовинні монети. У нього чудова колекція.
4. Answer the questions:
1) What do people usually promise themselves at the beginning of the year?
2) What are the big events of the New Year`s Day in the USA?
3) In what country do people eat pink fish on the New Year`s Day? Why?
4) When and how do you celebrate New Year`s day in your country (family)?
Top Five Study Tips
1 __________
Make sure you have all the materials you need at hand
before you start studying. Getting
up to look for a pencil sharpener or ruler will break
your concentration and waste your
time.
2
__________
Think about what it will mean for you if you do well in
your studies. How will it make
you feel? If you keep the end result in mind it will
help you succeed in studying.
You might like to find an image or something that
represents success for you and put it
somewhere you can see it while you’re studying.
3
__________
Use a calendar or a list of dates or a wall planner to
keep track of exam dates and assignmentdue dates. Space out your study time
each week for the whole term/semester - don’t try to cram it all in the night before!
Do the hardest work when you’re feeling your best. Save
the easy stuff for when you’re
tired. Set yourself a
time limit for each task and follow it.
4
__________
You study better when you’re feeling good. So make sure
you eat well and get enough
sleep. Exercise is great but don’t overdo it.
It’s also a good idea to schedule regular breaks when
you’re studying and keep hydrated.
If you follow these steps you will study better.
5
__________
Taking detailed notes in class or at home will save you
a lot of time later. Re-writing and
adding to your notes is a great way to revise what
you’ve learned.
A
Take care of yourself
B
Organize your working space
C
Get creative
D
Clear your mind
E
Write down and review
F
Plan your time
G
Socialize and relax
H
Get motivated
SCARY BUILDINGS
Whether
you believe in ghosts or not, you have to agree: some buildings possess an
eerie
atmosphere. Maybe their history is filled with death
and tragedy. Or, maybe these buildings just
look creepy. The buildings listed here are among the
world’s spookiest. Did we leave one out? Tell
us about the spookiest building you’ve seen.
11
Graceland Mansion in Tennessee
Ever since the sudden death of Elvis Presley, Elvis
sightings have been reported all over the
world. Some people say Elvis didn’t really die. Others
claim they’ve seen his ghost. Either
way, the best place to catch a glimpse is Graceland
Mansion near Memphis, Tennessee. The
Colonial Revival house was Elvis Presley’s home from
1957 until he died in 1977, and his
body lies in the family plot there. Elvis was
originally buried in a different cemetery, but
was moved to Graceland after someone tried to steal
his corpse.
12 Lenin’s
Mausoleum in Moscow, Russia
Stark and inhuman, Russian constructivist architecture
can seem scary enough. But go
inside this red granite mausoleum and you get to see
the corpse of Lenin. He looks a little
waxy inside his glass case, but our Guide to Eastern
Europe Travel says that Lenin’s hands
are faintly blue and horribly life-like.
13 Notre
Dame Cathedral in Paris
Just about any medieval Gothic cathedral can seem
spooky, but a lavish cathedral like Notre
Dame Cathedral in Paris can truly make you tremble.
It’s supposed to, with all those snarling
gargoyles perched on rooftops and ledges.
14
Breakers Mansion in Newport, Rhode Island
The big Gilded Age mansions in Newport, Rhode Island
are popular tourist destinations, and
ghost stories have become a part of the promotional
hype. Of all the Newport mansions, the
brooding Breakers Mansion has the most compelling
tale. Believers claim that the ghost of
its former owner Cornelius Vanderbilt wanders the
lavish rooms. Or, maybe it’s the spirit of
architect Richard Morris Hunt, who was born on
Halloween.
15
Archbishop’s Palace in Hradcany, Prague
The castle that appears so foreboding in the Tom
Cruise film, Mission Impossible, has
towered over the river Vltava for a thousand years.
It’s a part of the Hradcany royal complex
where Romanesque, Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque, and
Rococo facades create startling
juxtapositions. Moreover, the Archbishop’s Palace is
in Prague, home to Franz Kafka, the
famous author of surreal, disturbing stories.
16 The
Riddle House in Palm Beach County, Florida
It was originally a funeral parlour. The Victorian
house was dismantled and rebuilt in
Yesteryear Village at the South Florida fair grounds.
In the 1920’s the house became privately
owned by Karl Riddle. Joseph, one of Riddle’s former
employees, committed suicide by
hanging himself in the attic of the house. Joseph, for
whatever reason, hated men, and his
ghost displays this hatred by attacking those who
enter the attic. One man had a lid thrown
at his head, and men are now no longer allowed in the
attic. Other places in the house are
haunted as well, with furniture being frequently
moved.
This building you should leave out if
__________________________
A you are
afraid of suicide victims’ ghosts.
B you
disliked the figures of beasts on its roof.
C you are
afraid of dead bodies.
D Vincent
Price held his creepy dinner party there.
E the
rock’n’roll idol’s spirit visited you.
F the spook
of its owner haunted you.
G people
from a famous film gathered there.
H you
detested the mix of architectural styles.
British Family Today
The model of a traditional British family — with a working father and a housewife mother raising two children — has changed greatly over the past 20 years.
The biggest change has been caused by the growing divorce rate. As many as two out of three
marriages now end in separation, which brings about the situation where many children live with one
parent and only see the other at weekends or holidays.
The number of working mothers has also increased. The large rise in divorces has meant many women need to work to support themselves and their children. But even when there is no divorce, many families need both parents to work in order to survive. This has caused an increase in childcare facilities, though they are very expensive and can be difficult to find in many areas. Besides, women are no longer happy to stay at home bringing up children, and many make careers earning as much as or even more than men.
However, these changes have not had a totally negative effect. For women, it is now much easier to
have a job and good salary. Although it is difficult to be a working mother, it has become normal and it’s no longer seen as a bad thing for children. As for children themselves, some people argue that modern children grow up to be more independent and mature than in the past.
From an early age they have to go to nurseries, and so they are used to social behaviour and dealing
with new people.
So, in spite of the fact that the traditional picture of a family may no longer be true in modern Britain,
the contemporary family continues to raisehappy, successful children.
1 According to the author, the traditional British family
A means a working father and a housewife mother. B means a working father and mother.
C has never existed. D has changed greatly over the past 20 years.
2 Nowadays marriages end in divorce.
A two out of three B one out of three
C three out of three D two out of four
3 What are modern children like?
A They are more outgoing and bright than children were in the past.
B They are more polite and childish than children were in the past.
C They are more dependent from adults than children were in the past.
D They are more independent and mature than children were in the past.
4 At nurseries children are used to
A behaving in a community. B behaving well.
C behaving independently. D being nice to strangers.
5 The result of the increasing number of divorces is that
A many children help their mothers to earn money.
B many men need to change work to support themselves and their
children.
C many women have to work to support themselves and their children.
D many women have to change occupation to support themselves andtheir children.
Read the text below. Match choices (A—H) to (1—5). There are three choices you do not need to use.
How to Have a Good Relationship with Your Parents
(1) __________________
Without mutual respect, any relationship will be an unhappy one. People who respect each other: a) value each other’s opinions, b) listen to each other, c) disagree without screaming or insults. And remember, your parents have lived longer than you — don’t discount their experience and knowledge.
(2) ________________
This is your key to freedom. The way to build trust is through honesty and responsibility. Honesty means you don’t lie or manipulate. Responsibility means you are reliable and can be counted on to use good judgment. When your parents trust you, it’s lot easier for them to say «yes».
(3)________________
Your parents want to know what’s going on in your life. If you keep them in the dark, they won’t know when you need their help or whether they can trust you. Tell them what you’re up to, share your thoughts and feelings with them, and seek their advice for your problems (you don’t have to take it). Communication builds closeness.
(4)_______________
If you’re always honest, a parent will be likely to believe what you say. If you sometimes hide the truth or add too much drama, parents will have a harder time believing what you tell them. If you tell stories, they’ll find it hard to trust you.
(5)_______________
Using a tone that’s friendly and polite makes it more likely that parents will listen and take what you say seriously. It also makes it more likely that they’ll talk to you in the same way. Of course, this is hard for any of us (adults included) when we’re feeling heated about something. If you think your emotions might get the better of you, do something to blow off steam before talking: go for a run. Cry. Hit your pillow. Do whatever it takes to sound calm when you need to.
These guidelines work both ways. If, on occasions, your parents violate any of these guidelines, talk to them about it. Pick a time when you are both calm and feeling good toward each other (never when you’re angry). Then, explain to them what they did, how it makes you feel, and what you’d like them to do instead.
A Win Your Parents’ Confidence
B Try Not to Argue or Whine
C Speak Respectfully
D Never Lie
E Try to Understan Their Point of View
F Respect Each Other
G Communicate
H Give Details that Can Help Parents to Understand Your Situation
Read the text below. For questions (22—33) choose the correct answer (A, B, C or D).
Freshers’ Week
The UK has a wellrespected (22)_______________ education system and some of the top universities and research institutions in the world. But to those who are new to it all, it can be overwhelming and sometimes confusing.
October is usually the busiest month in the academic calendar. Universities have something called Freshers’ Week for their (23)_____________. It’s a great opportunity to make new friends, join lots of clubs and settle into university life.
(24)_______________, having just left the comfort of home and all your friends behind, the prospect of meeting lots of strangers in big halls can be nervewracking. Where do you start? Who should you make friends with? Which clubs should you (25)______________?
Luckily, there will be thousands of others in the same boat as you worrying about starting their university (26)_____________life on the right foot. So just take it all in slowly. Don’t rush into (27)____________that you’ll regret for the next three years.
Here are some top tips from past students on how to survive Freshers’ Week:
— blend in. Make (28)___________you are aware of British social etiquette. Have some Cola and snacks handy for your housemates and friends;
— be (29)_________. Sometimes cups of tea or even (30)__________of toast can give you a head start in making friends;
— be sociable. The more active you are, the more (31)__________you’ll be to meet new people than if you’re someone who never leaves one’s room;
— bring a doorstop. Keep your door open when you’re (32) ____________and that sends positive messages to your neighbours that you are (33)___________.
So with a bit of clever planning and motivation, Freshers’ Week can give you a great start to your university life and soon you’ll be passing on your wisdom to next year’s new recruits.
| A | B | C | D |
22 | high | higher | highest | highness |
23 | graduates | lecturers | newcomers | undergraduates |
24 | Thus | However | As well as | In order to |
25 | join | unite | connect | bond |
26 | society | socialism | socially | social |
27 | something | nothing | anything | everything |
28 | assure | sure | surely | unsure |
29 | hospitable | distant | unsociable | pleasure |
30 | loafs | bars | slices | packs |
31 | like | liking | likely | unlike |
32 | at | in | out | outside |
33 | reserved | shy | friendly | cold |
Why Do We
Learn English?
It is necessary to learn foreign languages. That's why pupils have got such
subject as a foreign language at school. Everybody knows his own language, but
it is useful to know foreign languages.
I learn English, because I understand that I can use it. For example, if
I go to England I'll be able to speak English too. English is used not only in
England, but also in other countries.
I learn English because I want to read foreign literature in the
original. I know and like such English and American writers as Charles Dickens,
Mark Twain and others. I understand that I must learn English. If I know
English well, I'll be able to go to the library and take books by English and
American writers in the original.
I
like travelling. But it is difficult to visit countries, when you
don't know the language of these countries. If I know the language of the
country, where I am going to, it will be easy do travel there. If I want to ask
something, I can do it in English.
I like reading books. And I like to
read newspapers, too. If I know, for example, English I'll be able to read
English newspapers and magazines. Knowledge of different countries helps to understand each other, to develop friendship among
people. For example, we have a foreign exhibition in Kyiv. It will be easy for me to visit this exhibition, If I can speak English . You can see a lot of
advertisements, signboards, names in the
streets. They are in foreign languages. Very often they are in English. If you
know English, you can read and understand them.
Now we buy many clothes from
other countries. If you know English well, you can read something about the
size of any thing. It is clear for you what it is made of.
There are a lot of films in foreign languages. If you know them, you can
understand films without any help.
There are international friendship camps in the world. If you can speak
foreign languages, it will be easy for you to visit such camps and speak with
the boys, girls, men, women who do not know Ukranian.
In short, I understand that I have to learn English in a proper way and
I promise to do it.
